Karl Paul Donfried, "The Allegory of the Ten Virgins (Matt. 25:1-13) as a Summary of Matthean Theology." JBL 93 (1974): 415-28.

Donfried analyzes 16 key words and phrases from the parable of the ten virgins against the imagery of the first gospel, and then proposes the explanation of the parable. The interpretive key is that "oil" represents "good deeds."